CHAPTER 1: FERMIONS

Fermions are the elements that makes up matter. They have half-integer spin and also do obey The Pauli exclusion principle and The Fermi-Dirac Statistics (go to the previous post for a better introduction to fermions)

Nevertheless, the particles under the fermions family, ain't all friends; they are separated into two different types, viz:

1.1) Leptons, and
1.2) Quarks

ATTENTION
Please do know and don't forget that 'leptons' and 'quarks' are not names of fundamental particles but they are the two kinds of fermions. There are 6 fundamental particles under leptons and also 6 fundamental particles under quarks; making it a total of 12 Fermions.
Did you understand? If you don't, please read all over again. Hahahaha 

1.1 LEPTONS
Leptons is the name assigned to the matter forming particles that carries electric charge of 0 or -1. They are never affected by strong Nuclear forces (See my article on ALL THE FORCES IN PHYSICS).

Leptons are of two types, and they are:
a) Charged Leptons with the electrical charge of -1, and they includes (in the other of their increasing mass); 
i) Electron,
ii) Muon, and
iii) Tau

"Please note that Muon and Tau are never stable in existence, hence, they decay to form electrons and other particles which are more stable."

The Atom is Completed by the stable, negatively charged Electron.

b) Neutral Leptons (Neutrinos): which have zero charge and do not interact with anything. They are also very scarce and conspicuous. Moreover, each neutrino is associated to a particular charged lepton and is always seen when that lepton decays as follows;

i) Lightest Neutrino (Electron)
ii) Middle Neutrino (Muon)
iii) Heaviest Neutrinos (Tau)

"It is very much allowed to address a neutrino by the name of the charged lepton it is associated to.E.g. The Lightest neutrino can be called the electron neutrino also."

A non-charged lepton cannot be seen in the decay of another charged lepton that it's not associated with - They have some unsettled family issues , just kidding. 

Some examples of composite particles (FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES combine to form COMPOSITE particles, okay?) formed by leptons includes;

a) The atom is completed by the electron(the most popular lepton)
b) The Positronium is formed by an electron and an antielectron.



1.2 QUARKS
Quarks are leptons with the charges of 2/3 or -1/3. There are six flavors (types) of quarks,
a,b) UP and DOWN quarks,
c,b) CHARM and STRANGE quarks, and
e,f) TOP and BOTTOM quarks

The Up, Charm and Top quarks have a charge of 2/3 while the other three has the charge of -1/3.

Quarks are never found in their separate forms like you may find that lepton named electron (others must be jealous of him, hahaha) and the 'reserved' neutrinos.

Quarks combine with great force carrying particles (we'll talk about this later on chapter 2: BOSONS) to form composite particles called HADRONS.

a) A hadron formed by three quarks is called a BARYON, examples are the;
i) Protons (formed from two UP quarks and one DOWN quark; uud)
ii) Neutrons (formed from two DOWN quarks and one UP quarks; udd)

The Quark Structure of the Neutron and Proton.

b) Finally, a hadron formed from just one quark and an antiquark is called a MESON
examples is the PION (can be formed by an up quark with an anti-down quark  )

So that is it on FERMIONS for now.

Hope that was short enough?

Any questions OR comments, please don't forget to drop them.

That's the topic your high school physics textbook didn't contain completely.
Enjoy!

FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

CONTINUED FROM: INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

Nice and simple introduction right? Now lets go down to business. What do we mean by Fundamental particles?

Fundamental Particles can be defined as the smallest, indivisible particles that forms matter and determines their properties and interaction with other matters

(Sounding more like the earlier definition of atoms right? haha)

Anyway, fundamental particles are divided into two groups, namely;
1) The Fermions, and
2) The Boson.

Let's discuss briefly on these two groups before we 'delve' into them fully.

FERMIONS (Matter Forming Particles)
Fermions are like the 'building blocks' of matter. They come together by the help of force carrying particles to make matter.

Fermions are the building blocks of matter.

The Spin of Fermions are always half-integer spins like 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc; this makes them able to obey;

a) the Fermi-Dirac Statistics: which in Physics, is the branch of quantum statistics used to calculate the permitted energy arrangements of the particles in a system in terms of the exclusion principle (thefreedictionary.com, 2013), and
b) the Pauli's Exclusion Principle: the quantum mechanical principle which states that no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state at the same time (Wikipedia.org, 2013)

BOSONS (Force Carrying Particles)
While fermions as the building blocks, bosons are the 'cementing agents' that holds them together as I mentioned earlier.

Bosons holds matter together.

Bosons were first theorized even before they were observed and even one of them, the graviton, is yet to be observed.
Fermions interacted with each other by exchanging force carrying particles with one another. These force carrying particles are of different natures and strengths and are peculiar to a given type of force.
Bosons have integer spins like 0, 1, 2, 3, etc; and hence they obey;
a) Bose-Einstein Statistics: a version of fermi-dirac statistics that applies to boson.

Note: that the use of the phrase 'cementing agents' to describe bosons does not mean that all of them are as strong as cements. It was used to create a close-enough mental picture.

On my next article, we would go deep into... YOU CHOOSE:
FERMIONS or BOSONS.

Don't Forget to drop your comments and questions.
And if you like it, SHARING is free.
Physics is FUN.

INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

Physics is a broad branch of pure science which 'bothers' itself with the existence of matter and how they interact with each other and space. And now that antimatters have been discovered, that definition would probably be needing a review, hahaha.

But the point I really want to make from this definition is that physics isn't really complete until we answer the question:
WHAT IS MATTER REALLY MADE OF?
Or better put; WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER?

It's funny enough to know that some people used to believe that matter was composed of four elements: Water, Fire, Air, and Earth; like you see in the Nickelodeon cartoon series, The Avatar. Some other beliefs added Wood and Metal to the list.

Avatar: The Legend of Korra Characters with the presumed four elements.

Not until science stumbled into the 'indestructible' and 'indivisible' ATOMS. Anyway, we all know that the atom didn't hold those titles for so long; at least, not after we found out that it is made up of some other particles - the SUBATOMIC PARTICLES. These particles includes,
a) The Positively charged Proton;
b) The Negatively charged Electron;
c) and the neutral Neutron.

But, Are we there yet? NO!

All the above mentioned subatomic particles are not fundamental (apart from the electrons - at least for now). It was discovered that the proton and neutron had building elements. These elements has been organized into groups and called FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES.

And for the rest of this week, I'll spend time to explain these particles one after the other.
Are you ready?

Click to CONTINUE.

MEET THE YOUNGEST PERSON TO MAKE A NUCLEAR REACTOR

Hello Physicists and Geniuses, i wanna introduce you all to someone that may humble you, motivate you or make you jealous, lol. His name is WILSON TAYLOR.

Wilson with his Radioactive Decay Detector

• Born on May, 1994, he is the youngest person to build Nuclear Fusion reactor.

• At age 10, he made his first HOMEMADE BOMB with pill bottle and household chemicals.

• At 14, he built his NUCLEAR FUSION REACTOR which he started in his dad's garage and completed it in a university.

• When he was 16 years old, he built a NUCLEAR DECAY DETECTOR which he has patented.
• He has won so many awards and cash through the years.

• Now he is 19 years old. And he has designed a SMALL NUCLEAR REACTOR. Not just that, he also designed a MOLTEN SALT REACTOR that will generate 50 MW of power.

He just joined the Thiel Fellowship which will require him to drop out of school for 2 years to pursue other dreams away from school like his science research.

What do you think of him?
Join us on Facebook.

HOW ORDERED IS TIME?

Time...
(Source: www.ocvote.com, 2013)

Everyone, on default, just start thinking that time is always rigid and will keep moving forward at a constant rate like a uniformly speeding bullet in space. But how true is this?

It's no news again, since special relativity arrived, that time can actually do the following;
1. Slow down (with increase in speed as seen in rockets),
2. Speed up (with increase in altitude as seen in satellites),
3. And come to a halt (when gravity gets as high as infinity as theorized in black holes).

• But how 'ordered' is time?
• Can time go back?

ANSWER 1:
Let's take a look at something that happens in the DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT as an example.

First, i have to describe this experiment for everyone to understand.

Title: DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT
Aim: To study the behavior of photons as they travel from one end of a tube to the other.
Description:
1.The Tube used in this experiment has a light source at one end, and a camera at the other end.
2.Between the Light source and the camera, a flat boundary is inserted that has two straight and parallel openings (or slits) through which the photon should pass through.
3.Single photons of light will be shot from the light source to pass through the slits and arrive at the camera.

During the experiment,
-A boundary with just one slit was first used.
RESULT: the photons were observed to pass through the single slit and arrive at the camera randomly - this is normal.

-The experiment was now done again. This time, the boundary with just one slit was now removed and replaced with the one that has a double slit.

EXPECTATION: was that each photon should pass through one of the slits and arrive randomly like normal.

Expected Result
(Source: www.mysearch.org.uk, 2013)

But this was not the result. Read on;

RESULT: an interference pattern was seen on the screen.

Fringes occurs on screen.

This result implies that,
1.each photon interfered with themselves, and
2.passed through both slits at the same time.


THIS MEANS THAT DURING THIS EXPERIMENT, EACH PHOTON ACTUALLY EXISTED AT TWO DIFFERENT PLACES AND AT TWO DIFFERENT TIMES.


That is, time fragmented or separated.
So I ask, How ordered do you think that time is here? was it actually moving uniformly forward? Answer!


ANSWER 2:
Also, it has been proved one paper that time can move backwards with the help of WORMHOLES.

A Wormhole

Wormholes are tiny passage between universe. Manipulating them to get a time tunnel in which both ends exists at two different places with different time is very theoretically possible. In other words, time travelling backwards here, is theoretically possible.

Don't fail to drop your questions and comments.
A very big thanks to Dr. Michio Kaku for his Video on TIME.
Enjoy!

APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS

No matter how complex and great technology might get, it’s good to know that it will always revolve around physics.
I spent some time to make a list of many inventions and some of the key areas of physics applied in making them a reality. Lets go;

1. SATELLITES

Source: www.spacetoday.org, 2013

a) Escape Velocity: to calculate the velocity needed to shoot a satellite out of space and into the right orbit safely.

b) Relativity: this should be a worthwhile fact to know that the time in a satellite moves at a different speed from the ones we use here on earth. Hence, a good knowledge of relativity is applied here to make the timing accurate.

c) Photoelectric Cells and Accumulators: the satellite gets to stay in orbit for like decades; so energy is an important demand to it like every other machines built by man. Hence, wide  photoelectric panels are installed to it to trap energy from sunlight and save it in accumulators.

d) Electromagnetic Waves: signals from the satellite, are sent to receiving terminals on earth and vice-versa by the use of Electromagnetic waves. Of course, its obvious to know that wires can do this job now.

2. AEROPLANE, JETS AND ROCKETS

a) Combustion and Thrust: the energy needed to power jets, airplanes and rockets currently all comes from safe and organized combustion. The pressure from the combustion of fuel is also applied properly to provide accurate and calculated thrust to elevate the body. Thrust on the other hand is in compliance with newton's third law of motion.

b) Pressure: the safety of the passengers in a plane or an aircraft is dependent on the accurate calculation and application of pressure, especially in the cabin. If the cabin pressure is not kept at a safe level, the airplane can shrink/burst like a water-can and the passengers can suffer breathing problems and its likes.

c) Streamlining: this is a cool way of reducing pressure when a body is moving through fluids. The design of spacecrafts cannot be completed without applying it.

d) Electromagnetic Waves: air 'vehicles' send information to their ground base and other aircrafts through the application of radio waves or by means of other types of electromagnetic waves. Radars and Radar guns are also used to track them.

3. MOBILE PHONE, TABLETS AND COMPUTERS

A Computer Motherboard
(Source: content.hwigroup.net, 2013)

a) Electricity and Insulators: Electricity is the main ingredient in making of electronic devices. The small stuffs you see on the integrated electric panel are used to manipulate electric currents in terms of resistance, capacitance, and path and duration of flow. The Processor and RAM of your today phones and combustion are made from semiconductors like silicon, and conductors as well.

b) Radio Waves: Mobile phones and computers send and receives radio waves for communication. Other components like the BLUETOOTH, WiFi, NFC, etc are receivers and transmitters of waves.

c) Electromagnetism: Some components you see installed in modern devices like Tilt Sensors, Gyroscopes, etc are made from electromagnetic sensors: they can detect change in magnetic flux.

d) Quantum Theory and properties:The next generation of computers are the quantum computers (check out the Google, D-WAVE quantum Computer) - they apply quantum properties like quantum entanglement, multi-verse and more to store and process information and data respectively.

4. CAMERAS

A Carl Zeiss Lens and A Sony Camera

a) Light: a good knowledge light and its properties is needed in the making of cameras, especially, the well established fact that it travels in a straight line.
b) Lenses: Lenses are used to interfere with light rays and manipulate the nature of the formed image. they are applied in camera lenses to zoom and focus.
c) Photoreceptors: Autofocus programming and Sensors uses light sensors to work.

5. CARS

A Lamborghini Aventador Tron Version
(Source: hdwallpapersarena.com)

a) Laws of Motion: the well established laws of motion are very much applied in the making of cars, especially the third law. The forces the tyres exert on the road is effected back on the car, causing it to move.
b) Friction: The Tires and braking systems of cars uses friction and its laws to work. A car tyre is designed to possess more friction in order to effectively and efficiently convert rotational motion to translational motion. And to bring the car to a halt, the brake pads exerts friction on the wheels.
c) Combustion and Pressure: The motion of the cars starts from moving pistons in the engine. The motion of the pistons is gotten from explosion pressure of fuels in the engine. Also Carburetors and Injectors works by the use of vacuum pressure and pressure increase.
d) Heat Transfer: The Radiator(s) in a car works on the principle of heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. Without this, the engine can melt down.
e) Aerodynamics: this is a key factor in modern car designs. The shape of the car must be in such a way the it moves freely through with less drag.

6. CRANES AND ELEVATORS

A Hydraulic Crane
(Source: image.made-in-china.com, 2013)

a) Hydraulics and Pressure: the pascal pressure principle is fully used in the making of hydraulic engines and machines in order to lift heavy loads with relatively less input energy.
b) Tension: also, those calculations you do one stuffs like "...find the tension on the road" ain't for nothing; they play a great role in the making of cranes and its specs sheet.
c) Strength of Materials: the ability of the materials used in building cranes and elevators to withstand pressure is so important to the makers and users. Physics is applied here to ensure that safety is ensured.
d) Torque and moment: furthermore, to make worker easier, torque is utilized. Since more distance of the effort makes it easier to lift the load, hydraulic elevators and wrenches usually have long shafts- thanks to physics calculations.

7. AIR CONDITIONERS AND REFRIGERATORS

A Samsung® Air-Conditioner

a) Heat Transfer: cooling is simply the removal of heat from a body. A good knowledge of heat transfer and cooling by quick evaporation is used in the making of cooling systems.
b) Carnot Cycle/Laws of Thermodynamics: thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals on heat and work and its set laws plays a great role in the design of cooling systems. It makes it clear that for heat to be taken from a colder region to hotter one, work must be added to the system.
c) Compression and Electricity: The way work is added to a cooling cycle to obey the laws of thermodynamics can vary depending on the type of refrigerator in question but the most common type is the vapour-compression cooling systems that uses electro-mechanical compressors. Anyway, the main idea is finding a way to make fluids flow through tubes and physics has the answer.

8. MICROPHONES AND SPEAKERS

Wireless Microphones and Speakers

a) Sound Waves: yeah, Sound waves are obviously the chief here. The microphone works by taking in mechanical sound waves, converting them to varying electric currents and reproducing these currents as sound again by the help of the speakers. Read more here.
b) Electricity: is very much needed here to transmit the sound and to work on them on devices like the amplifier.
c) Electromagnetic Waves: has made things better, wireless speakers and microphone can be made by transmitting the sound in the form of EM waves. Stuffs like your bluetooth earpiece, wireless home theatre, etc are the works of physics.

9. TELEVISIONS AND OTHER DISPLAY SYSTEMS

An LG® Plasma TV

a) Cathode Rays: Cathode rays and CR tubes started the evolution of televisions. Although this is fading out in modern televisions due the energy they drain, i think it should be good to mention them.
b) Electromagnetism: The manipulation of images on the screen of a television can 
c) Plasma and States of matter: Modern Television technology uses plasmas and the ability of materials to control the movement of light through to form images. Plasma TVs uses the fifth state of matter to produce images (Read about the 5 states of matter)
d) Lights and Lenses: To get the image to your eyes, light is needed greatly. Light makes it able for the user to dim or brighten images displayed.

10. TOUCHSCREEN TECHNOLOGY

The Super-Slim Apple® Ipad Air with a Capacitive Touchscreen

a) Electricity: all touchscreen has sensors that are made from integrated circuits. The whole idea is to sense the difference in a quantity like electric current or wave property due to touch.
b) Capacitors: Capacitive touchscreens are currently the touchscreen technology invoke. They work by developing charges on the screen and sensing the amount of charges conducted away by your touch. They are very sensitive since they do not need to be depressed and responds to few materials like your finger.
c) Sound Waves: is used in Acoustic types of touchscreens. This form of touchscreen technology measures changes in sound waves generated along the screen layers. Also any material can be used on them but they ain't as sensitive as capacitive touchscreens.
c) Resistors: are used in the making of resistive touchscreens that tracks touches by change in electrical resistance with length. They are the cheap and can be operated with anything that can course depression.

11. LASERS

A LASER Gun and Beam

a) Quantum Physics: lasers are the products of good knowledge in quantum physics and the fact that electrons emit radiant energy when they drop to a lower energy level.
b) Reflection: lights from lasers are amplified by continues reflection before they are allowed to leave the chamber they are produced.
c) Electricity: agitation of gas atoms in a laser is achieved by the use of electrical heating.

12. LIGHT BULBS

An Incandescent Bulb and A Fluorescent Lamp 

a) Electrical Heating and Resistance: resistance, like friction, generates heat and this heat can get so intense that it can make a material (eg. tungsten) glow.
b) Cathode Rays: are useful in the making of low energy bulbs. The fact that electron beams can cause certain surfaces to glow is harnessed in the invention and making of low energy bulbs, example, fluorescence lights. 

14. BUILDINGS

The Burj Al Arab

a) Tension/Stress and Strain: From the foundation to the beams and bars of every building, the main focus is to manage forces acting on each member and it can be achieved without physics.
b) Properties of Materials: the mechanical properties of materials are generated from those simple physics experiments you do like moment, load-extension, etc.
c) Stability: no one wants a building that would collapse, so stability is a key concentration in making building, especially tall ones and when they know that the building would be exposed to harsh weather conditions.
d) Streamlining: houses might not be moving through fluids, but fluids moves over it in form of wind. Hence, the knowledge of streamlining is inputted in design the structure of the building, to avoid it been pulled down by winds. In the building of the Burj Al Arab, care was taken to design it to allow wind blow over it smoothly.

15. CLOCKS AND WRISTWATCHES

A Rolex® Watch

a) Expansivity: The length of the balance wheel of mechanical watches has to be maintained at different temperatures, and this is done by the use of compensation curbs which are usually bimetallic strips. This arrived from the topic, expansivity you do as a beginner in physics.  
b) Motion Transfer: watches has different link mechanisms which transfer motion. The speed and torque transferred from one to another is moderated with physics calculation during the making of the watch engine.
c) Electricity: modern watches nowadays, uses integrated electronic circuits, display and processors to work. All from physics.

16. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

a) Sound Waves: of course this is very obvious but lemme throw in more light: Musical instruments just do the work of producing sounds waves with different frequencies and overtones called notes. A continuous producing of notes in an organised manner is music or beat.
b) Interference of waves: When you combine different sound producing instruments, they interfere to form just one wave pattern which gets more complex with the number of instruments involved.

17. SHIPS AND SUBMARINES

A Cruise Ship and A Submarine

a) Properties of materials: ships, especially submarines must be built with materials with special properties that balances between weight and hardness to avoid cracks. They must be tested and the experiments used for this tests, are no far from what you do in school.
b) Pressure: A submarine for example can shrink due to excessive pressure from the deep sea if care is not taken. Hence, the makers ensure that the pressure inside is safe for the humans and good enough to provide balance to the one outside the ship. The depth of a submarine is controlled by pressure too.
c) Thrust: newton's laws of motion comes into play again here - the thrusters of the ship or submarine are design to push against water; the reaction is then motion.
d) Archimedes Principle: definitely the king in this field is this principle that a body must displace its own weight of a body in which it floats. All ships and water vehicles, must stick to this law.

The list can keep going on till next year...
Come on guys, any physicist in the house? You can add to the list or contribute to the ones here already.

Physics is everywhere.

LIKE, COMMENT AND SHARE!

THE ANOMALOUS EXPANSIVITY OF WATER

Let's talk about this today pals.

Generally, its accepted in physics that on HEATING an object, the inter-molecular forces will start weakening due to increased vibration of the molecules; as a result, the object will start expanding - INCREASE IN VOLUME or REDUCTION IN DENSITY.
On the other way, COOLING an object makes the degree of vibration of the molecules reduce, hence, they start coming to rest; thereby, they Contract - REDUCTION IN VOLUME and INCREASE IN DENSITY.

This principle is applied in mechanical constructions to fit parts together. A part can be cooled to become smaller, so as to fit into another or they be heated to expand and get loosened - thanks to physics.

But something amazes us when it comes to WATER, it actually obeys this law when been cooled till it gets to 4 Degrees Celsius; then it gets anomalous - instead of contracting, its starts expanding, oh my gosh!

Also, on heating an Ice (from say -10 degrees Celsius), it will start contracting till 4 degrees Celsius, then it 'regains its senses' and begins to expand like every other object.

WHY THIS BEHAVIOR?
Water behaves like this due to the presence of dominating Hydrogen bonds in it that tends to become stronger from 4 degrees Celsius downward.
(Read more on this through this link)

NOW WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS?
This implies that, unlike other substances, the density of water in its SOLID STATE is lower than its LIQUID STATE density. In other words, the solid of water floats in its liquid, brilliant!

An Iceberg  is a frozen water but floats
(Source: www.123rf.com, 2013)

This is why we have,
1. Floating Icebergs.
2. Broken coke bottles due to over freezing, lol.
3. More sea animals alive; yeah because,
a) If Icebergs sink, they will kill a lot of sea creatures you like.
b) also, some unfrozen water get to be trapped beneath the frozen ice layer and will usually remain unfrozen since ice is a poor conductor of heat.
4. Frozen oceans we can actually Ski on, for those that lives towards to the North Pole.

Water is Special... Its not just a source of life, but a wonder!

Is Physics not Fun?
Like, Share and Comment.

WEIRD PHYSICS FACTS

DID YOU KNOW?

1. If the Earth just applies a little brake, Everything on Earth would be flung into space.

Speeding Earth

I believe you've felt a thrust from a braking car several times and in some cases, you almost got flung out of your seat. This happened to you for a car moving at a speed of maybe around 33.33m/s (120km/hr) ; Compare it to the velocity of our planet that revolves round the sun at an incredible speed of about 30,000 meters per second. Slowing down would be a disaster.

Anyway, don't worry to put on your earth belts now, there is no traffic in space.

2. Its easier to pull than to push.

All of us must have experienced this somehow. You notice that you find it easier to pull a heavy object than to push it. This is simply because, while pulling, your body weight is added to the work force.

When you are bent like the dummy in the pic, you tend to fall away from the object you are pulling. This will result in the object moving along with you (i.e. if the resultant force is enough)

Pulling an Object
(Source: www.sharecg.com, 2013)

3. Water, when excited by sound waves produces light flashes and nobody knows exactly why.

Sonoluminescence
(Source: www.eglobaltravelmedia.com.au, 2013)

Yeah that's right - You can actually turn sound into light by exciting water waves. This is known as Sono (Sound) Luminescence(Light). Some animals like the sea Mantis can do this in water by snapping. The problem now is that, this is beyond the limits of fluid mechanics.

Watch the video here if you are using a PC.

4. A year in Mercury is 88 days on earth.

The Solar System
(Source: www.eso.org)

This shouldn't be a surprise if you have an idea of the distance of Planet Mercury from the sun. It's closeness to the sun, makes it very hot to live over there but also rewards it with an orbit which has a smaller circumference. Hence, it gets to complete more than 4 revolutions round the sun before earth clocks one.

5. The biggest research facility on earth is the Large Hadron Collider and it was built just to discover a very very very tinny particle called Higgs Boson and it has been discovered.

The Large Hadron Collider Landscape

6. Our whole galaxy (i.e. Our sun and 9 planets) is like a spot in the milky way and also revolves.

How big do you think the earth is? or maybe the whole solar system? The truth is that we are relatively like a spot when compared to the size of the milky way. In fact, if you compress our sun to the size of a cell, and also compress the milky way in the same ratio; the milky way would be the size of North America.

The Milky Way and Our Solar System
(Source: thedarkcosmos.com, 2013)

7. Einstein had a bad recommendation letter by his lecturer for not attending his classes; that's why he couldn't get a good job.

Mr. Einstein at Work

He had to work as a Clerk at the Swiss Patents, Authority. That's how he gets to analysis different ideas coming to his table everyday. A disappointment, later became a blessing for him.

8. A Diamond glows by reflecting a single light ray thousands of time inside it before the light can find its way out. (See Total internal reflection)

Different Cuts and Glow
(Source: www.enterprisemission.com, 2013) 

The angle of the surface of a diamond plays a great role in keeping the light ray in. Each surface keeps reflecting the light due to total internal refection until the light finally escapes through a 'bad' surface. This implies that how powerful a diamond glows is dependent on the diamond cutter.

9. A teaspoon of water from Atlantic ocean contains many more atoms than Atlantic ocean contains teaspoons of water.

Doubting? lets do the maths together and compare.

Number of Teaspoons in the Atlantic Ocean,

Volume of the Atlantic ocean, V_a   =  3.104109 × 10¹⁷ m³
1 teaspoon of water, V_t                         =  5 x 10^-6  m³
vol. of teaspoons of water in Atlantic ocean  =   Va/Vt
No. of teaspoon of water in Atlantic ocean    =   6.208 x 10²²
 
Now  For the numbers of atoms in a teaspoon of water,
Molecular mass of water, M    =      18.02 g/mol
Density of sea water, ρ             =      1.02 g/cm

Converting Molecular mass to Molar Volume,
Molar Volume, M_v           =         M/ ρ
                                            =         17.67 cm³/mol
*Convert molar volume to SI Unit,
17.67cm³/mol              =         17.67 (10^-2)³ m³/mol
                                       =         17.67 x 10^-6 m^3/mol
Note: centi- = 10^-2 
Number of moles in a teaspoon      =         V_t/M_v
                                                            =         0.283 Moles
1 mole               =         6.022 x 10²³ atoms
Number of atoms in a teaspoon     =      0.283 x 6.022 x 10²³
                                                            =         1.7040 x 10²³
OR                                                      =         17.040 x 10²² atoms
Now compare the figures in RED.

10. An atom is more than 99.99% empty.

Electron Cloud Model of the atom
(Source: sdsu-physics.org, 2013. Not to be scaled)

Yes! that's correct. This is actually because the electron cloud spreads out so wide and covers a large radius but only the electron occupies it. And as we know, the mass and size of the electron is like 1/1836 of the proton's.

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More References For Fact No.9
1. Before developing it, I first saw this fact at Unbelievable Facts Page on Facebook.
2. The Volume of The Atlantic ocean was gotten from the National Geophysical Data Center's Webpage.
3. Volume of a teaspoon of water, from GORILLAplus.
4. Other pages that helped me includes ASK.com, This PDF handout and of course Google.

Thank you all so much.